When you consider the wealth that some have amassed through trading and investing, it stands to reason that most traders lose money. It takes a lot of people losing smaller amounts of money to create those fortunes.
I know the main reasons why traders lose money from experience. I've made every mistake in the book -- most of them in my first few years of trading.
I started trading stock options in the 1970s, a couple of years after the CBOE was approved to make a market in standardized equity options. I started with $300 (two Ashland Oil calls at 1 1/2 that doubled over the next few weeks). Over the next couple of years, I traded that up to just under $9,000.
After a couple of years, when I had traded up to about $6,000, I began to see stocks breaking out of long-term (several months or longer) bases with flat tops on high volume, and I began day-trading (long before I ever heard the term) options. My goal was $1,000 per trade, and the first two trades were successful. One was in Halliburton. I don't remember what the second was. The third was in Polaroid options. Just before the close, I had about $880 profit.
Back then, people didn't have computers. I was manually charting 100+ stocks on 11x17 K&E chart paper each night from the first edition of the morning newspaper, so I was buying the day after the breakout. The other stocks with similar breakouts had opened higher on the third day, so I decided to hold until the next morning's opening.
Overnight, the man who had developed the Polaroid SX-70, and who was then heading a team to develop a Polaroid video camera, suffered a stroke. PRD opened down more than 8 points and went south from there. By the time I got out, my $9000 was worth between $150 and $175.
Here are some of the more common mistakes:
1) Not doing the homework. Years later, I looked at a monthly chart of PRD. I saw that, while the stock had moved sideways for a year or so before I bought the breakout, it was in a multi-year downtrend that had taken the stock from something like $160 to about $80, en route to even lower lows.
2) Lack of money management. I had more winning trades than losing trades, and my gains were larger than my losses -- until PRD. I was putting all of my trading capital into each trade.
3) Not sticking to the plan, which at that point was to simply buy as on a confirmed breakout with heavy volume and get out by the close.
4) Being frozen by emotions. Losing objectivity when your money's on the line and selling when you should hold or holding when you should sell. This also involves not sticking to the plan (or not having one in the first place).
5) Expecting the market to conform to expectations. My goal for the trade was $1,000, and when the market didn't give it to me, I decided to wait for it.
Andrew Cardwell gave me another example last week. About three years ago, a golfing buddy of his, who owned 4,000 shares of Washington Mutual, asked him to look at the charts and give him his opinion. WaMu was about 78, and the friend's broker had told him it should reach 80 or 82. Andrew suggested that his friend dump it immediately. However, he decided to hold on for 80. He finally got out of the stock at 9.50.
6) Not adjusting to changing market conditions. Confusing a raging bull market with trading genius also comes under this category. Failing to sell near the top means giving back all those bull-market gains, usually faster than the gains were made. In other words, what works in one market environment usually doesn't work in another.
I can't tell you how many times I've seen a 2- to 5-day RSI divergence that would be very bullish in the early stages of a bull market. In a bear market, this is usually followed by a 1- to 2-day rally -- before the stock falls off the cliff again. In a bear market (whether recognized or confirmed at the time or not), an RSI bullish divergence usually means an opportunity to short the stock isn't far away. The same can be said of other buy signals and upside breakouts, which in bear markets (and in the topping stage of bull markets), usually prove to be false breakouts.