Okay here is a real life example. First of all I should point out I am an options noob and the prudence of this trade is highly questionable.
I have a bear call spread open on the DJX (Dow). I am moderately bearish on the Dow.
I am long 10 Mar 130 calls and short 10 Mar 128 calls for a credit of 0.61 per contract after costs.
So I don't expect it to get much above 12800 in the next two months or, more importantly, still be above when they are over.
Let us assume I opened it today.
I used
this simple calculator to establish the risk and reward (see image).
Assuming I run to expiry with no hedging, my monetary R:R is 2.28 : 1, i.e risking a max of $1390 for a potential reward of $610. This represents a return on capital (or strictly, margin?) of 44%.
There are approx. 60 days until expiry. The options are Euro style so I have no risk of assignment before expiry (i.e. someone exercising the calls I have sold, which would mean I would end up short a block of stock. This is a risk with American style options, though presumably only if they're in the money.)
Next I used
this simple probabilty calculator to determine the likelyhood of the DJX being above my breakeven price at expiry, i.e 128.61. (NB not exceeding it at any time during the life of the trade, just after 60 days. There is another more complex calculator for the former.)
Anyway, based on DIA (proxy for DJX) historical volatility of 0.10 (this figure may be out of date) it says I have a 29.2% chance of exceeding b/e point, i.e a 70.8% chance of not losing any money.
Furthermore I have a 66.6% chance of it being below 128. Below 128 I keep all the profit.
And a 20.8% chance of it being above 130. Above 130 I suffer the maximum loss.
> How do I determine the expectancy of this trade, assuming it goes to expiry with no hedging?
I can state PWin x avWin - PLoss x avLoss as (66.6% x $610) - (20.8% x $1390) = $117.14 which is thankfully positive, but this doesn't take account of the area between 128 and 130 where the profit becomes a growing loss if you like. And if options are priced efficiently shouldn't the expectancy be zero? Perhaps it is impossible to calculate expectancy. Also expectancy calculations are generally run over a series of completed trades not a single open one. Methinks I am trying to use the wrong tool 'ere.
> Is the probabilty calculator sound? It seems a bit simplistic to me to just bung in a couple of prices and an annual volatility figure and get a handy percentage. I guess if volatilty suddenly changes while the trade is open one has to recalculate the probabilites, indeed best of all would be to continually recalculate say every day and adjust the strategy as necessary. Perhaps this is where implied volatility comes in.
> Where can I find up to date information on annual volatility figures?
> Are credit spreads affected much by sudden changes in volatility? Simplistically I would have thought not much since one holds a matched opposite postion thus both legs will be affected nearly equally. Though of course the probabilty of certain price moves will change.
> Would a professional option trader have taken this trade?
I suspect not as the breakeven point is dangerously close to the current price.
Also 60 days is probably too long for comfort.
However the potential payoff as a ROC % is large to account for this. This is, if I'm honest a punt.
(But I am also long some DIA stock ... though let's not muddy the waters with that just now!)
> What would my alternatives have been? A couple ...
Long puts - if I was more bearish and expected a pickup in volatility.
Short naked calls - Don't like the unlimited risk. We are in a bull market until proven otherwise and a run to 13k is entirely possible. That would hurt, especially as I am unsure of how to hedge safely and efficiently.
> Finally I need a hedging strategy as I don't fancy taking the full loss. If price exceeds my b/e point in the first 30 days I could, say, partially hedge the trade by going long a few Mar DIA 128 or 129 calls. If these expire worthless I cut my profit but if the Dow flies I also pare my loss. What flogs my head is that there is almost unlimited scope to tinker with the open position, adding more legs, wings or perhaps simply taking some of the existing one off. But as I have a certain amount I am prepared to lose if the trade starts going against me I can plug in a few ways of achieving this. What I don't know is the most efficient way to go about it, but I'm not expecting anyone to reveal this ... it is something I must research. Sorry so many irksome questions.
I follow a credit spread thread on ET and a guy there, Phil Budwick, seems to do well by going miles out of the money, risking say 80 to make 5, but of course the probabilty of his losing the whole 80 is usually tiny and he has a complex hedging strategy, which must be vital if one is consistently stealing nickels from under a sleeping steamroller. He's yet to greet a black swan on the thread and it would interesting to see how his hedging strategies would cope if the market moved suddenly and a long way against him.
What I find interesting (and somewhat predictable) is the more chance there is of a full profit, the smaller it becomes, i.e the R:R ratio becomes ever heavier at the risk end. No free lunches here guv.
Options are a frightening field but I am keen to start using them as part of a longer term income strategy. Clearly I have a LOT of learning to do first. I like the idea of credit spreads because the risk is known in advance, unlike say naked writing. This makes margining simple. In addition, time value is on my side so my timing doesn't have to be as spot on as it would with simply buying puts or calls. But the maths is confusing and I haven't even touched on the Greeks yet. Cripes.
IB has some useful tools in its Portfolio Analytics window. One can plug in various option combinations and see the effect of price moves on one's portfolio, though I haven't found a way to display the outcome at expiry, only current conditions. An image below shows the current state of my spread.
Also I learned one can enter a spread in one go instead of selling one leg and buying the other separately. Yep told ya I was a noob
. The trick seems to be to split the bid/ask i.e place a bid or offer for the desired single combo trade between the current bid / ask and hope a market maker takes pity and fills me, which in this case he did. He likes round lots too apparently. With a bear spread the numbers are negative which makes it quite confusing at first. Finally use SMART routing or end up paying $1.75 per contract instead of $1.
There's a bit to discuss there, at least for us beginners! Old hands feel free to rip my wee spread to shreds or ignore it completely.
Here is a link to a simple spread tutorial which I found useful. Though they call it "Advanced" which is oddly pleasing. Sorry for such a long, naive and turgid post. I hope that as well as boring everyone to tears it may also help defuse the ongoing unpleasant situation.
http://oic.theocc.com/classes/syllabus_intro_to_spreading.jsp