Random!

[dick_dastardly]

Like most i am sure, I am bombarded with emails with special offers for "generic viagra" - 65% off etc. etc.
Maybe this is a sign that i should buy some. With so many different possible purchase outlets, for all you viagra users out there, have you any tips as to what one should be looking out for in choosing their viagra (purely for social, domestic & pleasure purposes of course!)?

JT, go ask your GP about Viagra, and whilst you're there you might want to mention to him/her that you've been feeling a bit down in the dumps lately.


dd

 

[JTrader]

Cousin tree

This is quite handy for working out distant relations etc.

Image:CousinTree.svg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


Also -

Genetics: DNA related, first cousins, first cousin

Topic: Genetics

Expert: K Shows
Date: 6/1/2005
Subject: DNA related

Question
Hi
I am interested in knowing about the following:

My mother and her sister married brothers. Would my cousins and I share DNA matches as sisters/sister or different as cousins. I hope this makes sense.

Answer
Janice,

This is a little complicated, math-wise, and easier to explain with a diagram, but I'll try to explain it here.

You have 1/2 of your mother's genes and 1/2 of your father's genes. Your first cousin also has 1/2 of her mother's genes and 1/2 of her father's genes. Your mother and her sister share 1/4 of their genes (statistically) because they are siblings and your father and his brother share 1/4 of their genes (statistically) because they are siblings. So, from you to your mom is 1/2 and your mom to her mom (or dad) is 1/2, back to your aunt is 1/2 then to your cousin is 1/2 which is a total of 1/2 X 1/2 X 1/2 X 1/2= 1/16 of genes shared by you and your first cousin from your mom's side. Add to that the same 1/16 of genes shared by you and your first cousin on your father's side, and you get 1/16 + 1/16=1/8 which is approximately the relationship of aunt-niece. So you are related on the level somewhere between sisters and first cousins.

In addition, we are assuming that all genes randomly segregate, that is that siblings have 1/4 of genes in common. When segregation of genes is not random, siblings can share anywhere from 1/2 to no genes in common.

 

[JTrader]

...........
The Genealogue: Who's Been Wearing Your Genes?

Also for anyone interested in genealogy -
Here's a simple to use cousinhood calculator that shows your degree of relation & number of genes shared.

Humans have around 30,000 genes.

I was interested in this because I recently found out that i have a 2nd cousin once removed, who is a famous musician. According to this calculator we share about 468 genes, and our degree of relation is 6.

A slight contradiction to the previous posts quote but here goes.......

Degrees of relation between cousins can be figured out by using a table such as this, or (for the mathematically inclined) a simple formula.

Let's have two variables named C ("cousinhood") and R ("generations removed"). The degree of relation equals R + (2*C + 1). L.L. Bean is my fourth cousin (C=4) twice removed (R=2). So, the degree of relation between us is 11. Raise 0.5 to the 11th power, and multiply the result by 30,000 (the approximate number of our genes). The answer is about 14. L.L. Bean and I share 14 genes (which explains my penchant for wearing waterproof boots).1

Here's a cousinhood calculator I whipped up:

1It should be noted that probability is involved in calculating the number of genes shared by siblings or cousins. A parent and child will share 50% of their genes, but two siblings need not share this number. Nevertheless, the law of probability dictates that they will (approximately).

To see why, imagine a card trick in which each of my parents has 30,000 cards to choose from. I am asked to draw 15,000 cards from each deck, mark them, and return them to the deck. Now my brother is asked to do the same. If the cards were well shuffled (randomly distributed), there should be about 15,000 cards that my brother and I drew in common. On the other hand, there is a tiny chance that we selected completely different sets of cards, or sets exactly the same.

The results are similar if two first cousins are asked to each draw 7,500 cards from the 15,000 cards that both of their respective fathers drew from their own father's deck. At best, they will draw the same 7,500 cards; at worse, they will draw none in common. Chances are, they will share about 3,750 cards in common.

It should also be noted that this calculation does not account for the small number of mitochondrial genes passed from mother to child.

 

[JTrader]

I think the following description & table does the best job of the ones i've seen, of explaining the genetic relationship between different blood relatives.,.....

Degrees of Relation and Number of Genes Shared

Degrees of Relation and Number of Genes Shared

Estimates of how many human genes exist range from 25,000 to 100,000. As the sequencing of the human genome nears completion, the consensus is closing in on the suprisingly low figure of around 30,000. The following table uses this number to estimate how many of an individual's genes are shared by their relatives.

Of course, any individual's mother and father share over 99% of their autosomal[2] DNA (the DNA not carried on the X and Y[3] chromosomes[1]). This means that the individual shares much more of each parent's DNA than the 50% indicated by the table.

Thus the table shows us that 50% of our DNA is directly received from each parent and not that the genes inherited from one parent are entirely different to those inherited from the other.

What the table also shows us is that, beyond 7-degrees of relation, the number of genes shared in this manner is rather few. By extension, an individual's sixteenth-century, 13 times great grandfather has less than a half chance of providing a single autosomal gene to that individual, assuming that there is no other relationship between the two.

In terms of genes, there isn't much significance in taking your family tree back to Norman times for, at that distance, our genetic heritage will long ago have merged into the population's gene pool[5]. In fact, ignoring the DNA that all human's share, it's possible to be genetically unrelated to a direct but distant ancestor even when hanky-panky can be ruled out!

There are, however, three genetic lineages which can be traced back much further.

The first is your pure maternal line, i.e. your mother's, mother's, mother's etc. lineage. This is because you inherit a small fragment of DNA, called mitochondrial DNA[4], solely from your mother.

The second is a man's pure paternal line. This is because a man inherits his Y-chromosome[3] solely from his father. This does not apply to women as they do not have a Y-chromosome.

The third are specific genetic markers that can be pinned down to specific populations. An example of this is the gene associated with cystic fibrosis, the origin of which can almost certainly be traced back to European populations. Most such genetic markers will not be associated with disease although, to date, these have been the best studied.

The amount of DNA involved with first two of these lineages is rather little compared to the rest of our DNA. However, because of its unique status, it is often analysed for genealogical purposes. The third group of lineages represent a much larger, more diverse, number of genes, but, as genetic typing advances, I believe it will play a much larger role in genealogy.

Degree

Genetic relation

Relation
%

No Genes

-

100%

30,000
Identical twins

1st

50%

15,000
Parents,
siblings,
children,
fraternal twins

2nd

25%

7,500
Grandparents,
grandchildren,
aunts,
uncles,
nieces,
nephews,
half-siblings,
double-cousins (children of 2 siblings x 2 other siblings),
identical twin cousins (children of identical twins)

3rd

12.5%

3,750
First cousins,
great grandparents,
great grandchildren,
great aunts,
great uncles,
grandnieces,
grandnephews,
half-aunts,
half-uncles,
half-nephews,
half-neices

4th

6.25%

1,875
Great great grandparents,
great great grandchildren,
great great aunts,
great great uncles,
great grandnieces,
great grandnephews,
first cousin once removed,
great half-aunts,
great half-uncles,
half-grandnephews,
half-grandneices,

5th

3.13%

938
Great great great grandparents,
great great great grandchildren,
second cousins,
first cousin twice removed,
great great great uncles,
great great great aunts,
great great grandnieces,
great great grandnephews
great great half-aunts,
great great half-uncles,
great half-grandnephews,
great half-grandneices

6th

1.56%

469
Great great great great grandparents,
great great great great grandchildren,
second cousins once removed,
first cousin thrice removed,
great great great great uncles,
great great great great aunts,
great great great grandnieces,
great great great grandnephews
great great great half-aunts,
great great great half-uncles,
great great half-grandnephews,
great great half-grandneices

7th

0.78%

235
Great great great great great grandparents,
great great great great great grandchildren,
third cousins,
second cousins twice removed,
first cousin four times removed,
great great great great great uncles,
great great great great great aunts,
great great great great grandnieces,
great great great great grandnephews
great great great great half-aunts,
great great great great half-uncles,
great great great half-grandnephews,
great great great half-grandneices

Notes:

1. Chromosomes are the large sections of DNA found in the middle (the nucleus) of all of our cells. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes which contains the vast majority of our DNA - the only exception being the mitochondrial DNA (see 4 below).

2. Autosomes are all the chromosomes excluding the X and Y chromosomes. When egg and sperm cells are manufactured, the genes on the complimentary pairs of autosomes are shuffled together to make a complete but unpaired set which become an egg or sperm together with an X or Y chromsome as described below.

3. The X and Y chromosomes are chromosomes which, in reproductive terms, act differently to the autosomes mentioned above. Women have a pair of X chromosomes which behave similarly to the autosomes in that their genes are shuffled during egg production. Men on, the other hand, have only a single X chromosome paired with the much smaller Y chromosome. The Y chromosome contains only a handful of genes, most of which are not shuffled during sperm production. One of the genes on the Y chromosome determines that the bearer will develop as a male. Men cannot shuffle their X chromosome either, as they only have a single copy. Mothers always pass an X chromosome to their children while a man passes an X chromosome to his daughters and a Y to his sons.

4. Mitochondrial DNA is a short strand of DNA than is separate to that found on the chromosomes. It is found in tiny bodies inside our cells, the mitochondria, which are responsible for breaking down sugars. We inherit all of our mitochondrial DNA from our mothers and none from our fathers.

5. By "population", I mean breeding population, that is to say the people that your ancestors will have bred with. Prior to the 19th century, there was rather little movement of peoples and gene transfer between those living in, say, rural Yorkshire and rural Devon would have been rather slow. At an even greater extreme, there will have been almost no gene transfer between South Sea Islanders and the Ituri peoples of the Congo basin.

 

[JTrader]

Well i've finally learnt how i will end my tendency to web browse during moments of boredom during the trading day.

The problem was Google . This was my home page. This for me is the very gateway to the WWW. It is the equivalent of a football fanatic who is trying to stop spending his time and money on football matches going to live next door to Old Trafford.

I have deleted all bookmarks in my favourites column - except 3. My broker, forex factory calendar, and the briefing.com calendar.

Now, if i had the inclination to visit any other website, i would need to type its address into the navigation toolbar. Even for me, this is too much effort.

:clap::smart::idea::clover:

 

[JTrader]

Custom emoticons -
Graphics Grotto | Funny Emoticons And Smiley Graphics | page1

 

[JTrader]

My banana was cold. I therefore put it onto my oil filled electric radiator (that has wheels) to warm it up. It has now turned black.

 

[dick_dastardly]

Are You Going to Finish Strong? - Video

dd

 

[minime69]

Custom emoticons -
Graphics Grotto | Funny Emoticons And Smiley Graphics | page1

what is the best way to save the emoticons?

 

[Jenie0109]

Really random. How confusing.

 

[dick_dastardly]

Oh well That's that then?




dd




[sent from my crappy old XP desk top]

 

[Splitlink]

My banana was cold. I therefore put it onto my oil filled electric radiator (that has wheels) to warm it up. It has now turned black.

Let that be a lesson to you not to warm up your banana with oil filled radiators. And use a condom.

 

[Joseff]

Is corn healthy food?

 

[neil]

Re: Random! directionless

Fekkin SATNAV's................Wanted to go from Stratford on Avon to Norwich and the thing took me to Leicester ( what a bumhole of a place)....eventually found the A47 and got home albeit the satnav threw a wobbly a couple of times; such as not recognising a roundabout
Oh well it was a feebie so maybe it's time to buy a new one hat can be updated by my Pc.
Anyone any ideas on a good satnav (not too expensive but useful) ?

 

[counter_violent]

Re: Random! directionless

Fekkin SATNAV's................Wanted to go from Stratford on Avon to Norwich and the thing took me to Leicester ( what a bumhole of a place)....eventually found the A47 and got home albeit the satnav threw a wobbly a couple of times; such as not recognising a roundabout
Oh well it was a feebie so maybe it's time to buy a new one hat can be updated by my Pc.
Anyone any ideas on a good satnav (not too expensive but useful) ?

You don't need a satnav to get home...everyone knows how to get home...but not how to get somewhere else.