second part of Marc Ostwald stuff
be in a constant state of alert for risks emerging in the financial shadows, which could trip up regulators and the financial system. In other words, regulatory fine-tuning could become the rule, not the exception. In this world, macro-prudential policy to lean against the financial cycle could become more, not less, important over time. With more risk residing on non-bank balance sheets that are marked-to-market, it is possible that cycles in financial assets would be amplified, not dampened, relative to the old world. Their transmission to the wider economy may also be more potent and frequent. The demands on macro-prudential policy, to stabilise these financial fluctuations and hence the macro-economy, could thereby grow.
In this world, central banks’ operational policies would be likely to remain expansive. Non-bank counterparties would grow in importance, not shrink. So too, potentially, would more exotic forms of collateral taken in central banks’ operations. Market-making, in a wider class of financial instruments, could become a more standard part of the central bank toolkit, to mitigate the effects of temporary market illiquidity droughts in the non-bank sector.” (
http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/Documents/speeches/2014/speech751.pdf)
b) The political road map
The political backdrop is very difficult to second guess.
Domestically, the ‘bookies’ have installed Boris Johnson as favourite to succeed Cameron, but bookies make odds on the basis of the weight of money flows (i.e. book risk), it is not therefore a mathematical probability, but rather more akin to hedging exposure. Johnson certainly has the ego and the ambition, but has a significant number of detractors. Some effort will have to be made to mend the damage inflicted by the Tory party divides during the referendum. Theresa May, who kept her head ‘below the parapet’ during the referendum, appears to be best placed to offer herself as the re-unifying candidate, particularly if she were to select a ‘Leave’ protagonist for the position of Chancellor of the Exchequer (Finance Minister). The outcome may also be influenced by the extent of Labour Party disarray and divisions, with a challenge to Mr Corbyn as leader of the Parliamentary Labour Party (N.B. not the overall party) mooted for Monday/Tuesday, which the more Machiavellian members of the Tories might seek to exploit.
The EU picture is as, if not more complex. Spain’s general election on Sunday will be closely watched, and doubtless over-analysed in terms of what it implies in broader terms for the future of the EU and Eurozone. But with no disrespect meant to the people of Spain, it is developments in the larger founding members of the Common Market – France, Germany and Italy – which will be decisive. Italy faces its referendum on major constitutional reform (‘Italicum’) in October, on which PM Renzi’s future hangs, with the Lega Nord also calling for a UK style in/out referendum, and the politically maturing 5* Movement (aka M5S) having scored major victories in the recent municipal elections. The precarious position of public sector finances without the prospect of a relatively stable govt, and the acutely woeful state of Italian bank balance sheets are the ticking time bombs, if Renzi were to be unseated. However the biggest risk lie with France and Germany, whose often diametrically opposed views about the future of the Eurozone and the EU, and accompanying generally unspoken distrust, have spawned much of the gridlock and ugly compromises, which have seriously undermined Eurozone/EU policy making for the past 20 years. French presidential elections are due for 2017 and a German general election by October 2017. If Article 50 negotiations are to be speeded up, then a conclusion will have to be reached well in advance (seemingly improbable), or only after both have concluded. Initial reactions from the unpopular and domestically very beleaguered M Hollande appeared to put the onus on Germany to get the EU/Eurozone onto a ‘more even keel’, while Frau Merkel voiced non-confrontational platitudes, which had all the hallmarks of Merkel’s character typical over thought and tortured indecision.
c) Economic Outlook
The UK economy has performed much better in Q2, both relative to Q1 and above all proved to be more robust than the vast majority of forecasters had been projecting, both thanks to solid consumer spending, as well as a pick-up in the goods producing sector, ironically in no small part due to better EU / Eurozone demand. While there is always talk that a weaker GBP , above all vs. the EUR, should provide a boost to export demand, the facts suggest otherwise. The ‘boost’ from the 2008/09 GBP slide saw the Current Account deficit widen to a post WWII record of 7.0%. As with Germany, the history of the post Bretton Woods era underlines that export demand has proved rather inelastic and unresponsive to local currency moves, while inflation has been far more sensitive to the sharp FX moves, above all sustained weakness vs. the USD. Major Business Investment decisions will inevitably be hampered by the Article 50 negotiations, and will be sensitive to how they evolve.
Finally this is an interview from earlier today, for what it is worth and for those that have not seen it.