A touch odd that you're writing a book about it and asking what it means. But hey ho...
"PV" stands for 'present value' and everyone should know this. While 'calculating' PV makes all the sense in the world, I have no idea how one would go about 'designing' it.
Actually that's NPV Net Present Value. Each separate item of cashflow has its own future value, discounted at the interest rate to give its present value. Therefore a share each item would be dividends and the last would be sale proceeds. For a company it would be the estimated quarterly cashflow.Note that there's a huge difference between "Present value" and "intrinsic value"
PV = the sum of all future cashflows where each one has been discounted at the appropriate rate (usually calculated off a swap curve)
Intrinsic value = the difference between an option's strike price and the price of the underlying